一、丝杠导轨是什么？丝杠导轨是高精密的直线传动产品。丝杠和导轨可配合组成一套直线运动系统； 其中丝杠负责定位，并将旋转运动转换为直线运动，驱动导轨运动；导轨负责将 部件传输目标位置。在机床中，一般是 2 套直线导轨副及 1 套滚珠丝杠副组成 一个方向的直线运动系统；以 X 轴为例，工作台、丝杠螺母和滑块三者相互连接， 实现对工作台高频度、高精度的定位。1、丝杠的作用是将旋转运动转化为直线运动丝杠将旋转运动转化为直线运动。按照丝杠的摩擦特性，可分为梯形丝杠、滚珠 丝杠、行星滚柱丝杠。

　　1、 What is a screw guide rail? Screw guide is a high-precision linear transmission product. The screw and guide rail can be combined to form a linear motion system; The screw is responsible for positioning and converting rotational motion into linear motion, driving the guide rail motion; The guide rail is responsible for transporting the components to the target position. In machine tools, a linear motion system is generally composed of two sets of linear guide pairs and one set of ball screw pairs in one direction; Taking the X-axis as an example, the worktable, screw nut, and slider are interconnected to achieve high-frequency and high-precision positioning of the worktable. 1. The function of a screw is to convert rotational motion into linear motion. According to the friction characteristics of screw, it can be divided into trapezoidal screw, ball screw, and planetary roller screw.

　　（1）梯形丝杠：也称滑动丝杠，牙型多为梯形，螺母和丝杠轴直接接触，运动 时产生滑动摩擦力。

　　(1) Trapezoidal lead screw: also known as sliding lead screw, the tooth shape is mostly trapezoidal, and the nut and lead screw shaft are in direct contact, generating sliding friction during movement.

　　（2）滚珠丝杠：在丝杠与螺母旋之间放置适量滚珠作为中间传动体，运动时产 生滚动摩擦力。

　　(2) Ball screw: A suitable amount of ball is placed between the screw and the nut as an intermediate transmission body, generating rolling friction during movement.

创盈彩网址　　（3）行星滚柱丝杠：在主螺纹丝杠的周围，按行星式布置 6-12 个螺纹滚柱，基 本结构与滚珠丝杠相似，区别在于载荷传递元件为螺纹滚柱，而非滚珠。滚柱和 丝杠之间是线接触，接触面大大增加，因此具有高刚性、高承载能力，比同规格 滚珠丝杠副高出 3 倍以上（超过 10 倍）。滚珠丝杠因传动效率高、寿命长，是目前主流的丝杠产品。梯形丝杠的摩擦阻力 大，传动效率一般低于 40%，磨损快、使用寿命短，不能满足现代机械传动在高 速度、率、高精度等方面的要求。滚珠丝杠磨损小，传动效率能达到 90% 以上，使用寿命更长，是主流的丝杠产品。

　　(3) Planetary roller screw: 6-12 threaded rollers are arranged in a planetary pattern around the main threaded screw. The basic structure is similar to that of a ball screw, but the difference is that the load transmission element is a threaded roller rather than a ball. The contact between the roller and the screw is linear, and the contact surface is greatly increased, therefore it has high rigidity and high load-bearing capacity, which is more than 3 times higher than that of the same specification ball screw (up to more than 10 times higher). Ball screws are currently the mainstream screw products due to their high transmission efficiency and long lifespan. The friction resistance of trapezoidal screw is high, and the transmission efficiency is generally less than 40%. It wears out quickly and has a short service life, which cannot meet the requirements of modern mechanical transmission in terms of high speed, high efficiency, and high precision. Ball screws have low wear, transmission efficiency can reach over 90%, and longer service life, making them mainstream screw products.

创盈彩网址　　行星滚柱丝杠虽然性能高，但制造难 度大、成本高，目前商业化应用较少，主要用于重载和高可靠性要求的场合，如 航空母舰、核潜艇、核电站、重型军事装备、冶金设备及重型数控机床等。

创盈彩网址　　Although planetary roller screws have high performance, they are difficult to manufacture and costly. Currently, their commercial applications are limited, mainly used in heavy-duty and high reliability requirements, such as aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, nuclear power plants, heavy military equipment, metallurgical equipment, and heavy CNC machine tools.

　　滚珠丝杠副主要由丝杠轴、螺母和滚珠组成。丝杠轴是有螺纹滚道的圆柱轴；螺 母由螺母体、滚珠循环装置等部件构成，其中滚珠循环装置是一条或多条连续的 封闭通道，作用是实现滚珠的循环。滚珠包括承受载荷的负荷滚珠和不承受载荷 的间隔滚珠，间隔滚珠主要起间隔作用，直径比负荷滚珠小。

　　The ball screw pair is mainly composed of a screw shaft, a nut, and balls. The screw shaft is a cylindrical shaft with threaded raceways; The nut is composed of a nut body, a ball circulation device, and other components, where the ball circulation device is one or more continuous closed channels that function to achieve the circulation of the balls. Ball bearings include load-bearing ball bearings and load-bearing spacer ball bearings. Spacer ball bearings mainly serve as spacers and have a smaller diameter than load-bearing ball bearings.

　　滚珠丝杠按滚珠的循环方式，可分为外循环式和内循环式。

创盈彩网址　　Ball screws can be divided into external circulation type and internal circulation type according to the circulation mode of the balls.

　　（1）内循环式：滚珠在循环过程中始终不脱离丝杠表面。内循环式结构设计简 单，螺母外径小，可进行微型设计。其优势在于滚珠运行阻力相对较小，灵敏度 优异；摩擦损失少，传动效率较高；滚珠回程较短，刚度较好，运转精度较高。 因此适用于中小导程、中低速度场合，如 3D 打印机、中小型医疗扫描仪等。但 内循环式返向器回珠槽为空间曲面，呈 S 形，加工较困难，对滚珠丝杠副的公称 直径、丝杠外径、螺纹滚道等加工要求较高。

　　(1) Internal circulation type: The ball never separates from the surface of the screw during the circulation process. The internal circulation structure design is simple, and the nut outer diameter is small, allowing for micro design. Its advantage lies in the relatively low resistance of ball operation and excellent sensitivity; Low friction loss and high transmission efficiency; The ball return is shorter, the stiffness is better, and the operating accuracy is higher. Therefore, it is suitable for small and medium-sized lead and medium low speed applications, such as 3D printers, small and medium-sized medical scanners, etc. However, the return groove of the internal circulation type ball screw is a spatial curved surface with an S-shape, which is difficult to process and requires high processing requirements for the nominal diameter, screw outer diameter, and thread raceway of the ball screw pair.

　　（2）外循环式：滚珠在循环返回时离开了丝杠螺旋滚道而在螺母体内或体外循 环。外循环式滚珠丝杠副尺寸较大，适用于载荷较大的场合，如大型重载机床。 外循环滚珠副按其在滚珠返回装置构造的不同，可分为套筒-螺旋槽式、插管式 和端面/端盖式三种： 套筒-螺旋槽式：结构简单，轴向排列紧凑，节约空间；有效负载滚珠多， 承载能力较高；但径向尺寸较大，挡珠器的弧形杆刚度较差，特别是舌形部 分易于磨损，寿命较短。 插管式：结构简单，工作可靠，工艺性好；公称直径与导程组合较多，适用 性广，既可于重载高速的驱动系统，也可用于精密定位系统，正在取代套筒 -螺旋槽式。 端面/端盖式：螺母径向、轴向尺寸小；低噪声；具有高承载、高可靠性， 但滚珠循环部分加工复杂。端面式结构适用于低承载且速度、精度较高的场 景，或高承载且速度、精度较低的场景；端盖式结构适用于多线、高承载、 低转速、低精度传动的场景。

　　(2) External circulation type: The ball leaves the screw spiral raceway and circulates inside or outside the nut body during the return cycle. The external circulation ball screw pair has a relatively large size and is suitable for applications with high loads, such as large heavy-duty machine tools. According to the different structures of the ball return device, the external circulation ball pair can be divided into three types: sleeve spiral groove type, insert tube type, and end face/end cover type: sleeve spiral groove type: simple structure, compact axial arrangement, space saving; The effective load has multiple ball bearings and a high load-bearing capacity; But the radial size is relatively large, and the stiffness of the arc-shaped rod of the bead stopper is poor, especially the tongue shaped part is prone to wear and has a short lifespan. Intubation type: simple structure, reliable operation, good processability; There are many combinations of nominal diameter and lead, and their applicability is wide. They can be used in heavy-duty high-speed drive systems as well as precision positioning systems, replacing the sleeve spiral groove type. End face/end cap type: nuts with small radial and axial dimensions; Low noise; It has high load-bearing capacity and reliability, but the processing of the ball bearing circulation part is complex. The end face structure is suitable for low load and high speed and accuracy scenarios, or high load and low speed and accuracy scenarios; The end cap structure is suitable for scenarios involving multi wire, high load-bearing, low-speed, and low precision transmission.

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